Public Debt

Discover the rise and fall of John Law's Financial System in 18th century France, a complex plan to reform the economy through reflation and debt restructuring.

Explore the radical financial solutions proposed by John Law to address France's severe financial crisis in the 18th century, including a national bank and paper money.

Explore how Italian city-states developed complex systems of public debt to finance wars, economic growth, and state activities in the late medieval period.