Market Fluctuations
The British National Debt and the War Effort: A Study in Financial Strains
Explore how the British national debt expanded by a factor of three between 1793 and 1815 due to extensive government borrowing during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
The Rise and Fall of Public Debt in Italian City-States
Explore how Italian city-states developed complex systems of public debt to finance wars, economic growth, and state activities in the late medieval period.