The Rise of Economic Hit Men: Hedge Funds and Global Capital

The Rise of Economic Hit Men: Hedge Funds and Global Capital

Overview In the 1980s, a new generation of economic hit men emerged, distinct from those portrayed by John Perkins. These individuals, often liberal in their politics, did not work for public institutions like the IMF or World Bank but instead ran private businesses called hedge funds. As pools of lightly regulated and highly mobile capital, hedge funds exemplified the return of “hot money” after the post-Depression era.

Context The 1980s were marked by a significant shift in global economic policies, as countries began to adopt more neoliberal approaches. The demise of Bretton Woods (1944) led to a reduction in government control over currency exchange rates and an increase in capital mobility. This created an environment conducive to the emergence of hedge funds.

Timeline

• 1980: The first hedge fund is established by Alfred Winslow Jones, marking the beginning of this new type of investment vehicle. • Late 1980s: Hedge funds become increasingly popular among high-net-worth individuals and institutions, attracted by their potential for high returns. • Early 1990s: George Soros establishes Quantum Fund, one of the largest and most successful hedge funds at the time. • August 1997: The Asian financial crisis begins with a sharp decline in the value of the Thai baht, followed by other regional currencies, including the Malaysian ringgit. • 1998: Mahathir bin Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia, publicly criticizes George Soros for his role in the currency crisis.

Key Terms and Concepts

• Hedge fund: An investment vehicle that pools money from high-net-worth individuals or institutions to invest in a variety of assets, often using leverage and derivatives.
• Hot money: Short-term, highly liquid capital flows between countries or regions, driven by speculation and market expectations rather than long-term economic fundamentals.
• Bretton Woods: An international monetary order established after World War II, which pegged exchange rates to the US dollar and limited capital mobility.
• Neoliberalism: A school of economic thought that advocates for free markets, reduced government intervention, and increased capital mobility.

Key Figures and Groups

• George Soros: Hungarian-born billionaire investor and founder of Quantum Fund, one of the largest hedge funds in the world at the time. He is often credited with being a key figure in the emergence of modern hedge fund industry.
• Mahathir bin Mohamad: Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003, known for his efforts to maintain national sovereignty and independence in the face of international economic pressures.

Mechanisms and Processes

The rise of hedge funds can be seen as a consequence of the following steps:

• The reduction in government control over currency exchange rates and capital mobility after Bretton Woods. • The increasing popularity of neoliberal economic policies, which emphasized free markets and reduced government intervention. • The emergence of high-net-worth individuals and institutions seeking alternative investment opportunities.

Deep Background

The concept of hot money has its roots in the early 20th century, when international capital flows were largely driven by long-term economic fundamentals. However, with the establishment of Bretton Woods, governments began to exert greater control over currency exchange rates and capital mobility. This led to a reduction in short-term capital flows, which had been a key driver of global economic instability during the interwar period.

The post-Bretton Woods era saw a significant increase in capital mobility, driven by advances in technology, deregulation, and changes in government policies. This created an environment conducive to the emergence of hedge funds as pools of highly mobile and lightly regulated capital.

Explanation and Importance

The rise of economic hit men like George Soros represents a new generation of global capitalists who operate outside traditional national borders. These individuals are driven by profit maximization rather than national or ideological agendas, often making decisions that can have far-reaching consequences for the global economy.

Their actions contribute to the volatility of currency markets and exacerbate existing economic inequalities between countries. The case of George Soros highlights the complexities and challenges faced by developing economies in the face of external economic pressures.

Comparative Insight

A similar example of a foreign exchange market crisis is the 1992 Black Wednesday, when speculators attacked the British pound, leading to a sharp devaluation. In this instance, it was not an individual like George Soros but rather a group of speculators that contributed to the crisis.

Extended Analysis

• Global Capital Flows: The emergence of hedge funds highlights the increasing mobility and volatility of global capital flows. This has significant implications for national economic policies and international cooperation.
• Economic Inequality: The rise of economic hit men like George Soros contributes to existing economic inequalities between countries, as they often prioritize short-term profits over long-term development.
• Regulatory Frameworks: The lack of effective regulatory frameworks governing hedge funds raises concerns about market stability and the potential for future crises.

Open Thinking Questions

• How do the actions of economic hit men like George Soros contribute to global economic instability? • What are the implications of the increasing mobility and volatility of global capital flows on national economic policies and international cooperation? • In what ways can regulatory frameworks be improved to mitigate the risks associated with hedge funds and other forms of high-risk investment?