Money Insights

Explore Japan's shift towards universal welfare after World War II, driven by government-led social reform and a recognition that private insurance markets were inadequate.

Explore Japan's turbulent 20th century marked by devastating disasters, economic hardship, and war that left a lasting impact on its economy, society, and politics.

State insurance emerged as a comprehensive social program in Japan and Britain, addressing poverty, inequality, and lack of access to healthcare and education.

The evolution of the welfare state from World War I to modern times, highlighting government intervention, social insurance, and public services.

Explore the origins and evolution of the welfare state, from Bismarck's social insurance legislation in Germany to Lloyd George's reforms in Britain, shaping the course of European history.

Explore the evolution of social welfare from charity to state insurance, understanding key figures, mechanisms, and processes that shaped modern welfare states.

Explore the harsh living conditions and labor practices in 18th-century English workhouses, examining the impact of Poor Laws on the poor population.

Explore the limitations of the social safety net in Victorian England, marked by a gap between those with private insurance and those without.

Explore how Britain's stable environment led to an obsession with insurance, from maritime trade to actuarial science.

Actuarial science has been the backbone of insurance since its inception, providing a mathematical framework to predict risks and calculate premiums.

Explore the history of institutional investors from 18th century insurance companies to modern global players dominating financial markets.

Explore the evolution of financial security through the rise of insurance and pension funds in 18th century Scotland.

Discover how a pioneering scheme for ministerial widows in 18th-century Scotland introduced a novel insurance-based system to provide financial security.

Discover how Scottish clergymen Alexander Webster and Robert Wallace pioneered life insurance in Scotland, influenced by Enlightenment and Calvinist Reformation.

Explore the life expectancy and mortality in 18th century Scotland where Edinburgh's poor hygiene and Highland invasions made life precarious for its inhabitants.

Scotland's 18th-century mathematicians and theologians pioneered modern insurance with sound actuarial and financial principles.

Learn about Bayesian probability and its applications in statistics, economics, and decision-making under uncertainty.

Abraham de Moivre's breakthrough in probability theory introduced the normal distribution, revolutionizing data analysis with a mathematical framework.

Learn about the emergence of statistical certainty in 17th century mathematics with Jacob Bernoulli's groundbreaking Law of Large Numbers.

Discover how 17th-century scholars like John Graunt and Edmund Halley contributed to understanding human mortality and life expectancy through innovative statistical methods and data analysis.