Financial Markets in Crisis: The Outbreak of World War I

Financial Markets in Crisis: The Outbreak of World War I

Overview The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, marked the beginning of a global financial crisis that would have far-reaching consequences. Initially, financial markets were slow to react, but as investors grasped the likelihood of a full-scale European war, liquidity began to dry up, leading to a credit crunch and widespread panic.

Context The early 20th century saw a complex web of alliances and rivalries between major powers in Europe. The Balkan region was a hotbed of nationalist tensions, with several ethnic groups seeking independence or union with neighboring countries. Austria-Hungary, Serbia’s main antagonist, had recently formed an alliance with Germany, while Russia supported Serbia. Imperialism and nationalism were also driving forces behind the Great Powers’ expansionist policies.

Timeline

• 1905: The Russian Revolution marks a turning point in international relations, as tsarist Russia begins to modernize its military and economy.
• 1912: The Balkan Wars break out, pitting Ottoman Empire against Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro. Austria-Hungary gains territory but faces growing pressure from nationalist groups within its empire.
• June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist.
• July 5, 1914: Austria-Hungary issues an ultimatum to Serbia, which demands the expulsion of Black Hand members and cooperation with Austrian officials.
• July 22, 1914: The financial press begins to express anxiety about the escalating crisis.
• July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
• August 1, 1914: Germany invades Belgium, leading Britain to declare war on Germany.
• August 4, 1914: Russia mobilizes its army in response to Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war.

Key Terms and Concepts

• Bimetallism: A monetary system where both gold and silver are accepted as standard currency units.
• International credit: The flow of capital between countries, facilitated by banks and other financial institutions.
• Joint-stock bank: A bank owned by shareholders who trade shares on the stock market.
• Commercial bill broker: An intermediary that facilitates the sale of commercial bills (short-term debt obligations).
• Acceptance house: Elite merchant banks that accept commercial bills as collateral for loans.

Key Figures and Groups

• Gavrilo Princip: The Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
• Austria-Hungary: A multinational empire facing internal tensions and external pressures from nationalist groups.
• Russia: A major power with a growing economy and military, backing Serbia in the Balkan crisis.
• Germany: An industrial powerhouse supporting Austria-Hungary’s actions in the Balkans.
• The City of London: The financial hub where international credit is managed and flows through.

Mechanisms and Processes

Financial markets -> International credit -> Joint-stock banks -> Commercial bill brokers -> Acceptance houses

• Initial investors shrug off assassination (June 28, 1914)
  • No significant impact on stock prices or exchange rates
• Investors grasp the likelihood of a full-scale European war (July 22, 1914)
  • Sell orders flood in, causing liquidity crisis
  • Joint-stock banks call in loans, deepening credit crunch

Deep Background

The Gold Standard, introduced by Britain in 1873, linked currency to gold reserves. This system facilitated international trade and investment but also created vulnerabilities when countries accumulated debt or experienced economic downturns. The Bland Amendment (1908) prohibited the U.S. government from using its credit to support American businesses or individuals. These factors contributed to the complex web of financial relationships that would ultimately collapse during the crisis.

Explanation and Importance

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand marked the beginning of a global economic downturn, as investors realized the likelihood of a full-scale European war. The credit crunch spread rapidly through international markets, impacting major powers such as Britain, Germany, and Russia. The consequences were far-reaching: widespread bankruptcies, currency fluctuations, and a loss of confidence in financial institutions.

Comparative Insight

The 1914 crisis shares similarities with the 2008 global financial meltdown. Both events involved complex webs of financial relationships, international credit flows, and the collapse of confidence in major financial institutions. The role of monetary policy, specifically central banks’ management of interest rates and liquidity, also played a crucial part in both crises.

Extended Analysis

• The Impact of Nationalism: The rise of nationalist movements in Europe contributed to the outbreak of World War I and its subsequent economic consequences.
  • Nationalist groups sought independence or union with neighboring countries, leading to tensions between major powers.
• International Credit and the Crisis: The complex web of international credit relationships played a significant role in the crisis, as investors struggled to maintain liquidity during the war.
  • Joint-stock banks and commercial bill brokers were among those affected by the credit crunch.

Open Thinking Questions

• How did the Great Powers’ imperialist policies contribute to the outbreak of World War I?
• What role did international credit play in spreading the economic crisis beyond Europe?
• In what ways do the 1914 and 2008 financial crises share similarities, and how can we apply lessons from history to contemporary economic challenges?