History of Science

This study explores how a racial hierarchy was constructed through Social Darwinism, eugenics, and anthropology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influencing societal attitudes toward racial differences.

Discover how Scottish clergymen Alexander Webster and Robert Wallace pioneered life insurance in Scotland, influenced by Enlightenment and Calvinist Reformation.

Scotland's 18th-century mathematicians and theologians pioneered modern insurance with sound actuarial and financial principles.

Learn about Bayesian probability and its applications in statistics, economics, and decision-making under uncertainty.

Abraham de Moivre's breakthrough in probability theory introduced the normal distribution, revolutionizing data analysis with a mathematical framework.

Discover how 17th-century scholars like John Graunt and Edmund Halley contributed to understanding human mortality and life expectancy through innovative statistical methods and data analysis.