History of Finance

Explore how Italian city-states developed complex systems of public debt to finance wars, economic growth, and state activities in the late medieval period.

Explore the evolution of Spanish financial systems from 16th century to 17th century, highlighting the country's struggles with debt defaults, foreign loans, and its impact on global trade and finance.

Explore the evolution of money from physical precious metals to abstract liabilities and assets, shaped by technological advancements, financial innovation, and policy changes.